2.
   2022
/  
 
(  )
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.         
2.   ,  ,      

-
3.      ,      
4.        ?
-
2.
5.      ? "      " 

6.        
-
7.       ?        
8. -     ?      -  

?
2.
   2022
/  
 
(  )
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.         
:" "     ?
    :
       ?
        
         
         
 ,  
"          ,"  
 
     :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         ?
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            ?
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      ,     ?
  -       ?
  1947    ,         - ,
,  ,   ,       , 
2.
              ,  
   ,    '       
     ,          
"   "    -    ,     ,
   ,   '    ,  -  
      
        |
              

1. - 
   (     '   )   (     ) 
,   -        :
    
    
-   -  ,  ,       
 
    :
,    
    DMK, TMC, BJD, AAP,  ,  , TRS 
               
  
2.  

    ,          
  ,         ,   1989  
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  '   
       
    ""    
               
      
3.   
    -  ,           
  '    
1950  1980         
     ,        
                
,                 

4.    
     
     , ,    
  ',   -       
 :
   '  
     '    
   '    
        
        
      
5.    
                '
 ,      ,    ,   
 ,     '    :
2.
  
    
  '      
    
  
    ,      
6.    
             :
      
      
   '    
     
     '   
               

 
     
    
 
    
     
 -    
   
    
     
,   
        
󽆱      '     
󽆱   ,       
󽆱   
󽆱     
󽆱         
           
2.
    
     , 
 :
       
       
      
    
-      ,  ,    
        ,  ,   
          

       , ,         
  
  -    ,   , -  
  -    :    ,  ,  
    -     
,      ,          
 ,      
 , -   
 , 
  ,       
 
2.   ,  ,      

:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
1885       (INC)         
                  
                
     ,    '     :
  ,  ,             
,         
 
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   :  -        , 
      ,           
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.   (1885–1905)
 ,          
         
  ,      
   
                  
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ,    -  ' 
 
2.   (1905–1919)
  ,   ,          
( -)   
      ,      '  
   (1905)         
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
3.   (1920–1947)
   ,    ()       

         ,    ,   
 
            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔               

4.     
1947  ,       
         ,    
  '  
2.
  ,    ,  " "   
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           ,    
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
1.   
  ,    -   - ,       

  , -  ,   ,    
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔                
2.   
    ,       ,    
 
 (1920)    (1942)         
 
 ,            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        ,        
 
3.      
    - , ,       - 
  
                 

,   ,      '    
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.   
  -           '  
2.
      ,      
      
         '  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
2.     
 :       ,    , 
         '    
 :   ,      
 
 :        , -   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
3.   
   ,      -   , 
  
1990    ,   ,      
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ,      
  '
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.   
 :   ,      
  :        '   
  :1942       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
2.     
 :   ,  ,   
 :,           
 :  ,    , 
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
2.
3.  
   ,      '   
 ( )          
 
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     '    ,   
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 

         ,      
            
               


              
  ,            
              

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
 
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 




,     

   (   
 )


 , -
      

 , 
,  
    
 

 ,  
    
󷇮󷇭 
           ,         
               
                  
    ,             
2.
      
,       
 
-
3.      ,      
:-
         ,         
   ,      
 -   ,    
           ,  
           (ECI)   
 "  "    ,   
      
'                
 , 
     ,      (),   
 ,         
   
     :    
 ?      ?  
     ?
               324   
  
1.   
   ,    1950     ,         
 -    (CEC) ,  -       ,  
    , 1989  ,    -      
      '   :
    (CEC)
  
            ,     '
  '   
2.
2. 
                  ,
 '         ,      
   ( ,           )     
   
3.   
    ' 6   65    ,    ,   

    ,     
 
             ,  
          '  
        '    
      
    '     
     
       
         
          :
 ()
 
    
  -  
   ,  ,       - 
 
1.  
                   
:
  ( )           ,   
                
2.
        :
    
   (EVM)  ?
      
     
           
   '             
 ,    , , , , ,         
 
   ,             
     ,    ,     ,
   ,        ,   
   
2.    
         :
       
    
             , 
     
 
3.  / - 
   ,          :
             
              
4.        
     :
      (, , )     
2.
          
       
               
   ,                
  
     
    :         ?     
   ?
1.   
           
 
   
     ,           


2.   

     
        
   ,           
3.  
         
 ,    '   

 
4.   
        '            '
         ,   ,   
             
   
,      :
      '     
      
               
    ,           
 
2.

               

             
                  
        
      '
     ,        ,     

      ,          ,
      
4.        ?
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
       ,    -   - ,    -
'                  

 ?          ,           
   
;      ,       

 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   :             - , ,  
  -            
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
1.  
   '               

      '   ,  
    
:        , -    

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
2.   
2.
     
 ,   -   
             
:              
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    '       
3.   
          
               
 
:             
    ' - 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
          
4.    
 , ,        
            

              
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             -
      
5.  
               
:    ,           

  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
        
6.    
     '     -     ,  , 
  
 ,   ,      
   
:     " "     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
2.
7.      
 , ,        
,          
:             
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
 
8.    
 ,         ,       

: 2014   " "  1971   " "
            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
9.     
         -   ,   
 
: ,   ,        
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔-       
 
10.     
  ,           
         
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   -  ,            
11.     
                 

:               
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      '     
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
2.
             ,    
 ,         ,      
                   

 ,     
  -     -   
 :
     ,           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
        -       -
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
:,           

     -     

:   '         
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔                
 
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 

  ' 

, -  
 

 /     
/
    
 
-    
 
     
 /
     
/ 
     
 
       
  
 
 
/ 
    
 /
       
󷇮󷇭 
         ,        
              ,    
                 
       ,      
 
2.
-
5.      ? "      " 

:󽇐     ?
         ,      

,                  
        ,        ,   
   ,           
      
   
  ,          ',        
  :
- , ,   
-   
-   
-     
  ,  ""    ,     () 
    ,      -        

 ,      :
󽆤   '     
󽆤   

     
󽆤   ,   ,     
󽆤    ,       
      . ..            
      ,        
 
  ,          -     
󽇐          ?
        :
2.
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜 
   "       ,"      
               
,             , , 
     , ,          
   
   ,   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     ,    ,    ,   
 ,       
 
  -- 
󽇐    ?
  ,         :
   
   
  ,       
    
           
   : "       
 , 
         "
-,         
    :
        '   
           
    '  
        
     
     -       
  
󽇐    '  

 ?
2.
    
      ,    
:
           ,      
    
                

     ,         
          
 , -  : "     ?"   ,  
 ,
"    ?"
󽇐-   
󷄧󼿒 
         100%  

1.     
,       ,    ,    
  
   
,         , 
,        
2.    
  '        ,      
 
3.    

       ,   SC/ST  , OBC
 , ,            
      
󽆱 
,         
1.   
     ,   '       

2.    
              
2.
3.     
,  , ,      ,   
 '  
             

4.   
                
             
    
  
5.   
   ,          

󽇐 
 ,  
 :
"     "
   :
       
 
  -   '     
      ' 
    '   
         
        '   
    ,      ,   
     '         ,    
,          
󽇐
-                
    ,      ,    
         ,  ,    ,  
              , 
   , -    ,     -
     , "       "  
          -    

 
2.
6.        
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
       -    , 
   
   -      , ,      
        ,       -    
            
                 
,              , 
  ,          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   :               
     ,       ,      
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       |
1.  
          - , ,    

-       -    , -   
    
:            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,       
 
2.  
  ,         
     ,      
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
3.  
   22     '         
      
: 1950         (      
 )       
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
4.  
         
             
:           
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
 
5.  
            
          '   
:             
  '    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
6.    
    , ,    -     
             
   
: -        
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
7.    
              

:              
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       |
 
1.    
    ,           
2.
:      ,       

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
2.  
          
: ,             
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
3.  
     '   
 
             
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     
 
1.    
         
:        -    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ,         
2.    
          ,     
:            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
3.  
         ,    
 
:           ' 
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     
 
2.
4.  
          
:                 
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
5.   
        ,    '   
 
:               
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
                
 '           ,     
  ,     
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      -    ,      

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
           
       
      
  
            
 ,               
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     '  
 -             
  
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 


  
   
  
  
 
 
2.
  
   
 
 
 
 
  
   
󷇮󷇭 
            , , , ,
               
      ,          
 
-
7.       ?        
:󽇐   ?
       ,           
                     

 ,  '   ,   
 ,    , 
    ,             :
    
     
         
       
,    :
               
 
󽇐     
1947        ,      
              

         ,   -    ,
       '      
     
 '   '  
  ,        :
2.
  
   
    
   
      
              
 ?    
   
          ?      
       
        
󽇐  ' 
     
         
              ,  
:
󷄧󷄫 
    
        , , ,
, ,          ,  
      :
         
          
    
              

   ,      
    '  
  
󷄧󷄬 
                
          '      :

   
 -
2.
   
  ,                
      
󷄧󷄭 
            ,       
    ,      :
   
  
 
             ,  
    ,         ,    
   
󷄧󷄮 
        
   :
  
   

  ,        ,      -
       
  1991    
         ,     
      ,        
 
 
󷄰󷄯   
              ,   
     
    :


   
2.
       
       -
  ,         , 
        ,      
         '      
    
󷄧󷄱 
            ,     
         :
      
    
               
         
󷄧󷄲 
                
        ,        
   ,             
               
  
󷄧󷄳   
  ,      , ,  ,    
              
    ,    '     
󷄧󷄴    -
   ,   - '       
  :
    
 -
2.
 - "  " (    )  
         
 
󽇐
              
                    

;  ,   ,  ,  , ,  ,
  ,     -     
                
  ,                  
 , -       
,      ,
        
8. -     ?      -  

?
: 󷇮󷇭-: , ,     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
     ,          -    
  ( )        ( ) 
             :  
                   
 ?
    -             
      -     '     

,   ,      '     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   : -  -           
    '      ,       

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-  ?
2.
:-            '  
      
       

   - 
   ,     
  ,     
  1961       -  (NAM) 

   ,     (),  ( ),  (), 
 ()    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔-                 

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-  
1.    
-           '   ,
     '
:           ,   
  
2.    
-     ( )    ( )  
        
                  

3.  -  
      ,     '  
         
4.   '   
       ,      
-             
     
5.     
-           -   
 
          
2.
6. 
-   
         
       
:       '     
    
7.  
       ,        
  
 ,       - 
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  -   
?
1.  
        1947     
          
    
               
 
2. - 
   '        -       
     
             ,    
   
           
3.  
      ,      
   ,          
:          
 
4.   
         ,          
            - 
                 

2.
5.   
               
         ,      
6.    
     
       

-  ,          
7.    -
       '  
-       - 
 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
                    '
 
                   ,
         ,        ,  
      ,    '        
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   1950           ,   
 ,        -    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
   '      
              
          ,      
 
,            ,   
     
 
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 

  
    '

    

/   

    
  
   
2.
  
        
 
    
 ' 

   ,  
 
   
    
󷇮󷇭 
              , 
     '       -   
              - 
     
"              
 
       ,       
 "